Extreme conditional value at risk a coherent scenario for risk management Free Essays

string(52) returns in the displaying of extraordinary market events. Part ONE 1. Presentation Extraordinary budgetary misfortunes that happened during the 2007-2008 money related emergency reignited inquiries of in the case of existing techniques, which are to a great extent dependent on the ordinary conveyance, are sufficient and reasonable with the end goal of hazard estimation and the executives. The significant presumptions utilized in these structures are that monetary returns are autonomously and indistinguishably appropriated, and follow the typical circulation. We will compose a custom exposition test on Outrageous restrictive incentive in danger a rational situation for hazard the board or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now Notwithstanding, shortcomings in these techniques has for quite some time been recognized in the writing. Right off the bat, it is presently generally acknowledged that money related returns are not typically conveyed; they are lopsided, slanted, leptokurtic and fat-followed. Also, money related returns show instability bunching, in this way the presumption of freely appropriated is abused. The consolidated proof concerning the adapted realities of monetary returns requires the requirement for adjusting existing philosophies or growing new procedures that will represent all the stylised realities of money related returns unequivocally. In this paper, I talk about two related proportions of hazard; extraordinary worth in danger (EVaR) and outrageous restrictive worth in danger (ECVaR). I contend that ECVaR is a superior proportion of outrageous market chance than EVaR used by Kabundi and Mwamba (2009) since it is rational, and catches the impacts of extraordinary markets occasions. Conversely, despite the fact that EVaR catches the impact of extraordinary market occasions, it is non-reasonable. 1.1.BACKGROUND Markowitz (1952), Roy (1952), Shape (1964), Black and Scholes (1973), and Merton’s (1973) significant toolbox in the improvement of present day portfolio hypothesis (MPT) and the field of budgetary building comprised of means, fluctuation, connections and covariance of advantage returns. In MPT, the change or proportionately the standard deviation was the panacea proportion of hazard. A significant presumption utilized in this hypothesis is that money related resource returns are regularly conveyed. Under this suspicion, extraordinary market occasions once in a while occur. At the point when they do happen, hazard administrators can essentially regard them as anomalies and negligence them when displaying money related resource returns. The presumption of regularly circulated resource returns is excessively shortsighted for use in money related displaying of outrageous market occasions. During extraordinary market action like the 2007-2008 money related emergency, monetary returns display conduct that is past what the ordinary circulation can demonstrate. Beginning with crafted by Mandelbrot (1963) there is progressively additionally persuading experimental proof that propose that benefit returns are not typically dispersed. They show deviated conduct, ‘fat tails’ and high kurtosis than the ordinary appropriation can oblige. The suggestion is that outrageous negative returns do happen, and are more incessant than anticipated by the ordinary dissemination. Along these lines, proportions of hazard dependent on the typical appropriation will disparage the danger of portfolios and lead to gigantic budgetary misfortunes, and possibly bankruptcies of money related foundations. To relieve the impacts of deficient hazard capital cradles coming from underestimation of hazard by ordinariness based budgetary displaying, chance estimates, for example, EVaR that go past the suspicion of typically conveyed returns have been created. In any case, EVaR is non-reasonable simply like VaR from which it is created. The suggestion is that, de spite the fact that it catches the impacts of extraordinary market occasions, it's anything but a decent proportion of hazard since it doesn't reflect broadening †an inconsistency to one of the foundation of portfolio hypothesis. ECVaR normally conquers these issues since it rational and can catch outrageous market occasions. 1.2 RSEARCH PROBLEM The reason for this paper is to create outrageous restrictive worth in danger (ECVaR), and propose it as a superior proportion of hazard than EVaR under states of extraordinary market movement with monetary returns that display instability bunching, and are not typically appropriated. Kabundi and Mwamba (2009) have proposed EVaR as a superior proportion of outrageous hazard than the broadly utilized VaR, notwithstanding, it is non-sound. ECVaR is reasonable, and catches the impact of extraordinary market action, in this manner it is progressively fit to display outrageous misfortunes during market unrest, and reflects expansion, which is a significant necessity for any hazard measure in portfolio hypothesis. 1.3 RELEVENCE OF THE STUDY The supposition that money related resource returns are ordinarily appropriated downplays the chance of rare outrageous occasions whose effect is more unfavorable than that of occasions that are increasingly visit. Utilization of VaR and CVaR belittle the danger of benefits and portfolios, and in the long run lead to enormous misfortunes and liquidations during times of outrageous market action. There are numerous antagonistic impacts of utilizing the typical conveyance in the estimation of monetary hazard, the most obvious being the loss of cash due to thinking little of hazard. During the worldwide budgetary emergency, various banks and non-money related establishments endured immense monetary misfortunes; some failed and fizzled, halfway in view of insufficient capital portion coming from underestimation of hazard by models that expected typically disseminated returns. Proportions of hazard that don't accept typicality of budgetary returns have been created. One such measure is EVaR (Kabundi and Mwamba (2009)). EVaR catches the impact of extraordinary market occasions, anyway it isn't intelligible. Thus, EVaR is anything but a decent proportion of hazard since it doesn't reflect enhancement. In budgetary markets portrayed by different wellsprings of hazard and outrageous market unpredictability, it is imperative to have a hazard measure that is intelligent and can catch the impact of extraordinary market action. ECVaR is pushed to satisfies this job of guaranteeing extraordinary market hazard while fitting in with portfolio theory’s intelligence of broadening. 1.4 RESEARCH DESIGN Section 2 will introduce a writing audit of hazard estimation strategies as of now utilized by budgetary establishments, specifically, VaR and CVaR. I additionally talk about the qualities and shortcomings of these measures. Another hazard measure not generally known up to this point is the EVaR. We examine EVaR as a headway in chance estimation philosophies. I advocate that EVaR is definitely not a decent proportion of hazard since it is non-reasonable. This prompts the following part, which presents ECVaR as a superior hazard measure that is intelligible and can catch outrageous market occasions. Part 3 will be worried about extraordinary restrictive worth in danger (ECVaR) as an advantageous displaying system that normally conquers the ordinariness presumption of benefit returns in the demonstrating of outrageous market occasions. You read Extraordinary restrictive incentive in danger an intelligent situation for hazard the board in classification Article models This is followed with a relative investigation of EVaR and ECVaR utilizing budgetary information covering both the pre-monetary emergency and the money related emergency periods. Section 4 will be worried about information sources, primer information depiction, and the estimation of EVaR, and ECVaR. Section 5 will examine the observational outcomes and the suggestion for hazard estimation. At long last, part 6 will give blackouts and feature the headings for future examination. Part 2: RISK MEASUREMENT AND THE EMPIRICAL Conveyance OF FINANCIAL RETURNS 2.1 Risk Measurement in Finance: A Review of Its Origins The idea of hazard has been known for a long time before Markowitz’s Portfolio Theory (MPT). Bernoulli (1738) settled the St. Petersburg mystery and determined crucial experiences of hazard disinclined conduct and the advantages of broadening. In his plan of anticipated utility hypothesis, Bernoulli didn't characterize hazard expressly; be that as it may, he gathered it from the state of the utility capacity (Bulter et al. (2005:134); Brancinger Weber, (1997: 236)). Irving Fisher (1906) recommended the utilization of change to quantify monetary hazard. Von Neumann and Morgenstern (1947) utilized anticipated utility hypothesis in the investigation of games and therefore concluded a large number of the cutting edge comprehension of dynamic under hazard or vulnerability. In this way, as opposed to prevalent thinking, the idea of hazard has been known well before MPT. Despite the fact that the idea of hazard was known before MPT, Markowitz (1952) first gave a methodical calculation to gauge chance utilizing the difference in the definition of the mean-fluctuation model for which he won the Nobel Prize in 1990. The improvement of the mean-change model roused research in dynamic under hazard and the advancement of hazard measures. The investigation of hazard and dynamic under vulnerability (which is dealt with equivalent to chance much of the time) stretch across disciplines. In choice science and brain science, Coombs and Pruitt (1960), Pruitt (1962), Coombs (1964), Coombs and Meyer (1969), and Coombs and Huang (1970a, 1970b) examined the impression of bets and how their inclination is influenced by their apparent hazard. In financial matters, account and estimation hypothesis, Markowitz (1952, 1959), Tobin (1958), Pratt (1964), Pollatsek Tversky (1970), Luce (1980) and others examine portfolio determination and the estimation of danger of those po rtfolios, and bets as a rule. Their aggregate work delivers various hazard gauges that fluctuate by they way they rank the peril of alternatives, portfolios, or bets. Despite the fact that the hazard measures fluctuate, Pollatsek and Tversky (1970: 541) perceives that they share the accompanying: (1) Risk is viewed as a property of picking among choices. (2) Options can be seriously requested by their danger. (3) As proposed by Irving Fisher in 1906, the danger of a choice is some way or another identified with the change or scattering in its results. Notwithstanding these

Before and After School Care Program Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

When School Care Program - Essay Example When School Care Program At present, numerous guardians can offer consideration to their kids before going to class and in the wake of getting back home from school. In any case, because of the money related emergencies that have been hitting the nation for quite a while, the quantity of youngsters whose guardians are both attempting to satisfy monetary necessities of the family, including single guardians that additionally work, has expanded up to 62% (Theobald, 2000). This move likewise caused the adjustments in the individuals who cooperate and care for kids, and generally these are non-relatives, for example, caretakers or sitters, teachers, kid care focus laborers and when school care suppliers (Sonenstein, Gates, Schmidt, and Bolshun, 2002). The when school programs gave instruction and care to youngsters in a successful manner with the goal that guardians would have the option to work and add to the money related dependability of the family, and for the kids to have an upgrade d advancement of their social and scholarly statuses (Blau and Currie, 2006). It was likewise revealed that such projects that were intended to give grown-up oversight to youngsters by as much as two hours per day by and large, contingent upon the age of the kid. These exercises are viewed as extra-curricular exercises that give improvement to a child’s advancement (Kleiner, Nolin, and Chapman, 2004). While generally youthful and preschool youngsters are sent to open day care focuses or made earlier courses of action to schools for extra-curricular exercises by their folks, a few organizations additionally began offering kid day care focuses and other when school programs for working parents’ kids, for their significant serenity during work hours (Working Mother, 2003). Organizations are likewise ready to help working guardians of school-matured youngsters by giving adaptable work hours and in any event, working at home with the end goal for them to have the option to both work for money related solidness just as to have the option to manage their children’s development and advancement. Another model on how organizations can help functioning guardians is by giving parental leave benefits to the individuals who simply had a child either by birth or through appropriation. Such advantages offered by the businesses increment the assurance of their representatives, yet additionally gives the organization a decent open picture, which thus could build their workforce and reduction specialist turnover (US Department of Labor, 1994). A case of an organization that allows its parent representatives to work for longer hours with less problem is Intermedics Co., whom in 1979 assembled and opened a top notch kid care focus in Freeport, TX. Regardless of whether there is a charge of $15 every week for full-time youngster care, the activity turnover rates diminished up to 37% and the decreased non-attendance brought about the organization sparing more th an $2 million for the initial two years (US Department of Labor, 1994). A few organizations don't give youngster care administrations, however can help their working guardian representatives through different methods. An inside for somewhat sick kids named Chicken Soup teamed up with managers so that representatives who acquired their kids to the middle as opposed to letting them remain at home were as yet ready to go to work because of the nearness of the middle to the working environment. Truancy was diminished and the businesses had the option to set aside to 85% of the expense of having a missing representative (US Department of

Definition of Marketing

Meaning of Marketing As indicated by American Marketing Association, showcasing includes distinguishing the things and administrations that clients like. In the wake of distinguishing the things and administrations, a methodology is then produced for seeking after clients to make the buy. For promoting to be effective, it needs to extinguish the customers’ needs (Kotler Keller, 2009).Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Definition of Marketing explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Alternatively, showcasing can be characterized as the course through which associations increment the value of their things and administrations to draw in the consideration of clients. Also, the Chartered Institute of Marketing characterizes advertising as one of the undertakings allocated to the board and incorporates finding, anticipating and fulfilling client needs with the point getting returns (Mohan, 2005). When the advertiser has found customers’ needs, he/she ought to endeavo r to improve the nature of the merchandise and ventures. The subsequent stage involves educating the clients about the thing and administration whose worth has been improved to address their issues. Kotler and Keller (2009) contend that the principle target of advertising is to sharpen people in general about the presence of a given thing or an assistance. This mindfulness can be spread through publicizing and there are numerous stations of promoting, which incorporate the Internet, radio, TV, banners, and boards. When advertising a thing its essential to concentrate on the requirements of the potential clients since this is the thing that will make them need to purchase the great or administration. Misrepresenting the highlights of a thing or administration will possibly drive clients away in light of the fact that they will feel as though they are helping somebody accomplish his/her business targets. In the wake of tending to the requirements of the clients, they will most likely be content and allude the merchandise or administrations to their companions, which will in the long run lead to authoritative turn of events. The above articulation may sound unrealistic, however breaking down it from another point of view affirms that it is in reality obvious. For example, if an association that sells cultivating supplies fulfills the necessities of a few clients by making the types of gear increasingly tough, the mollified clients will allude different ranchers who are needing strong types of gear the association flexibly. As time moves by, the clients will expand and the association should make all the more cultivating types of gear to satisfy the expansion in need. Also, more representatives should be welcomed on board to enable the association to accomplish its strategic. In such manner, promoting is critical to some random association and accordingly, the achievement of a business lays on its showcasing methods. To start with, Mohan (2005) states that showcas ing educates the outside world concerning the products and ventures that can be gotten from a specific association. This proposes individuals can't determine what an association manages, except if they get notification from the association itself.Advertising Looking for exposition on business financial matters? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This sharpening is generally accomplished at an expense, yet the advantages looked for after merit the costs. For example, Toyota is the main automaker and right now, the organization is building up a model fueled by a lithium battery. Consequently, the organization needs to educate the general population about this activity. In any case, there are organizations that don't have to advertise their things and administrations since they have been in the business for such a long time and have a decent notoriety. So also, advertising is seen to have a positive impact towards expanding the i ncome created from the offer of a thing or administration. Truth be told, clients can't purchase new things or administrations. At the point when another things or administrations are presented in the market, the clients are hesitant to buy it since they know nothing about it. Showcasing accordingly assists with expanding the deals earned from a given thing/administration. As indicated by Bell (n.d.), educated clients are well on the way to purchase a thing, and the more they are educated the more they purchase. The clients will make the buy for different reasons. Some will buy the thing or administration only for attempting it, while others might need to affirm what they hear their companions state about the item/administration. Moreover, showcasing guarantees that individuals know about a specific thing or administration and the advantages that accompany it. For example, when Samsung presented plasma TV, it needed to sharpen people in general about this thing through advertisement s that were publicized in TV stations, boards and the Internet. The expense of promoting was high, however its nothing contrasted with the income that was earned from the expansion in deals. Advertisers envision that the deals will keep on expanding as the mindfulness battles increment. This is on the grounds that there are individuals who have not yet caught wind of this item and they will most likely buy it once they are educated about it. Ultimately, advertising improves the notoriety of an association. This is on the grounds that associations use promoting as the stage to acclimate people in general with their image name. This is on the grounds that individuals faithfulness to mark names that are promoted seriously. Individuals allude to their commonality with an offered brand to measure its notoriety and consequently, they can't confide in things or administrations that sound or look unfamiliar to them (Kotler Keller, 2009). For example, clients who wish to purchase cell phones may favor the most widely recognized models, for example, Nokia, Samsung, Motorola and Apple. This is on the grounds that they know about these brands and they realize where to get the adornments that are good with these brands. This recommends nobody needs to be the first to utilize another brand and along these lines, each one needs to attempt what others have previously tried.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Definition of Marketing explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More References Bell. P. (n.d.). Significance of Developing a Marketing Strategy Plan. Web. Kotler, P. Keller, K. L. (2009). Advertising Management (thirteenth ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Mohan, J.K. (2005). Global Marketing. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.

Analysis Of The Hunger Games - 1543 Words

I am nearly one hundred percent positive your book, The Hunger Games has been the subject of discussion and controversy for as long as it has been published and read. Not even just the first book, either. From Katniss’ first adventure through the vast, forested arena, to her second trials in Catching Fire, and finally the heroic revolution in Mockingjay, your series has been a topic of argument over radio shows, television and even my own dinner table. Therefore, I am also nearly one hundred percent positive this is not the first time a letter has been written about you or your books, yet I still find myself resonating deeply with the character Katniss Everdeen enough to base an entire essay and letter around her. Whether it comes down to†¦show more content†¦Even from minor characters such as Primrose, who was only a teenager when she managed to save the lives of millions of rebels to Effie Trinket, the once bubbly, flighty Capitol woman who changed herself to help the lives of Katniss and Peeta. The majority of female characters in your novel represent everything I fight to believe. In other words, your characters all kick butt and act pretty at the same time. Of course, not everything comes down to strength. Your characters not only were strong physically, but mentally. For example, Katniss Everdeen was taught by her father to hunt and kill animals for the support of her family, in illegal situations or not. Of course she’d be incredibly close to her father, as they spent more time together than she did with her mother or even Primrose. Unsurprisingly, her father dies in a mining accident. While this is a horrible event, I always felt it showed who Katniss was and how brave she was to continue fighting and hunting for her family even though her father was no longer around to aid her or praise her for doing good. It showed Katniss’ independance and how while the death of her father hurt her, she could function for herself and ta ke his place as the primary breadwinner- unlike her mother. Not only do the women in your novel represent feminism and equality, but even characters such as Peeta Mellark represent an equal point of view. After all, he is bakes, cooks, and

Should School Uniforms Be Mandatory - 1280 Words

Throughout my time in school I was consistently filled with anxiety over looking my best, and I am sure many other people (girls especially) felt this from middle school through high school. The solution is uniforms! In schools where uniforms are not mandatory, the stress of â€Å"keeping up with the Jones† can create a lot of differences and struggles for students. Having mandatory uniforms in schools would create a safer and more welcoming environment for students, limit their stress, and lets them focus more on schoolwork than what they are wearing. Schools portrayed in popular movies or television show us how wearing a certain color, item, or style allows students to create groups or cliques. The jocks wear their jerseys or letterman jackets, preppy or rich kids wear only name brand clothes, and every type of clique in school has a few specific ways to dress. This can cause problems though, since it can cause bullying based on what some kids are wearing. Without uniforms the pressure to look your best can harm a young person’s psyche. Yes, wearing the clothes you personally selected may give you more ways to express yourself, but it can cause discrimination against peers and anxiety. According to Principal Leadership, a magazine made for educators, principals, and other members of a school, they explained the Lands End School Uniform in partnership with the National Association of Elementary School Principals study and survey on how having a uniform in schoolsShow MoreRelatedMandatory School Uniforms Should Be Mandatory849 Words   |  4 PagesMandatory School Uniforms â€Å"Give me liberty or give me death!’’ The infamous words of Patrick Henry are the first to come to mind when one contemplates the fiery debate of whether uniforms should be mandated in schools. According to the New World Encyclopedia 2010, â€Å"freedom of speech is the right to communicate one’s opinion and ideas without the fear of government retaliation or censorship.† Thus, the main argument against mandatory uniforms in schools is that they equate to government censorshipRead MoreSchool Uniforms Should Not Be Mandatory847 Words   |  4 PagesSchool systems have debated for years if they should make school uniforms mandatory for all students. Some parents do not want school systems to mandate uniforms due to pressure from their children to be able to maintain their individuality through clothing, while other parents prefer uniforms to reduce spending money on name brand school clothes and to minimize associations with gangs. More school systems across the United States of America are going to uniforms from grades one through twelve whereRead MoreShould School Uniforms Be Mandatory?918 Words   |  4 PagesShould schools have the right to make uniforms mandatory for their students? Some people don’t think so and they argue against the civil liberties that such a mandate would violate. While the opposing opposition thinks that school uniforms belong in the school system, in order to help reduce some of the issues students may face because of their clothes. Although school uniforms for students may have many negative effects, school uniforms may help with reducing the amount of distractions, thereforeRead MoreShould School Uniforms Be Mandatory?1561 Words   |  7 PagesSecondary Schools should be Required to Wear Uniforms No matter what you dress students in, they will always find a way to pass judgement upon their peers, but it how to get children to realize it’s whats on the inside that matters not the outside. Yes, I believe it starts with the parents, but also it’s schools that need to teach the children as well. It s not based upon the style of clothes worn there are many other superficial ways to judge people and form cliques. School uniforms are one stepRead MoreShould School Uniforms Be Mandatory?1381 Words   |  6 PagesStudents in Secondary Schools should be Required to Wear Uniforms No matter what you dress students in, they will always find a way to pass judgement upon their peers. If it s not based upon the style of clothes worn there are many other superficial ways to judge people and form cliques. School uniforms are one step that may help break the cycle of violence, truancy and disorder by helping young students understand what really counts is what kind of people they are, Clinton said (Bowen). ProponentsRead MoreSchool Uniforms Should Be Mandatory928 Words   |  4 Pages School Uniforms should be required in school to help eliminate the amount of bulling, help increase unity, and lower the cost. In fact â€Å"many schools have adopted school uniform policies as a solution to these problems(Forster 2). During the time I was in school I always thought uniforms would be terrible. I thought I will not be able to express my style, and the day would just be boring. Now that I have graduated I believe uniforms would be a great thing to have, and be enforced in schools. WhenRead MoreShould School Uniforms be Mandatory? Essay1090 Words   |  5 Pagesopinion of whether schools should require students to wear uniforms. Some schools go through the same argument annually of whether to enforce school uniforms the following school year. A number of people argue that uniforms take away from the students’ individuality, while other people concur that uniforms generate unity within the school. Even though many people disagree with school uniforms, countless reasons are evident that uniforms should be mandatory. School uniforms provide schools with many positiveRead MoreWhy School Uniforms Should Be Mandatory886 Words   |  4 PagesFocus on Education Insanity, doing the same thing over and over again, and expecting a different result. Evenings spent laying out school clothes for grandchildren quickly teaches us just how insane the current expectations for school dress can be each day. Individuals will face this problem on a daily basis, which can lead to a stressful task. Mandatory school uniforms can benefit each family member in numinous ways. Lifting financial burdens for parents and the constant peer comparison for childrenRead MoreWhy School Uniforms Should Be Mandatory952 Words   |  4 PagesInsanity, doing the same thing over and over again, and expecting a different result. Evenings spent laying out school clothes for grandchildren quickly teaches us just how insane the current expectations for school dress can be each day. Individuals will face this problem on a daily basis, which can lead to a stressful task. Mandatory school uniforms can benefit each family member in numinous ways. Lifting financial burdens for parents and the constant peer comparison for children. It alsoRead MoreWhy School Uniforms Should Be Mandatory871 Words   |  4 Pageslaying out school clothes for grandchildren quickly teaches just how insane the current expectations for school dress can be each day. Individuals face this problem on a daily basis, which can be a stressful task. Mandatory school uniforms can benefit each family member in numinous ways. Financial burdens for parents and constant peer comparison for children. It also allows students of differing backgrounds to be brought together to express themselves equally. One can clearly see that school uniforms

Human Resource Management - 982 Words

UNIVERSTY OF ZAMBIA DEPARTMENT : EXTENSION STUDIES COURSE : HRM 225/115 HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ASSIGNMENT NUMBER : ONE QUESTION : Discuss the following approaches to human resource management. i. Mechanist approach ii. Paternalistic approach iii. Systems approach NAME : ELIAS CHIUTSI STUDENT NUMBER : 201220152 DUE DATE : 29TH NOVEMBER, 2012 LECTURE : MR. MANGOLWA The mechanistic approach to human resources management (HRM) focuses on the simplest way to structure work so that it can be done most quickly and effective. The particular work of each employee must be so†¦show more content†¦The system approach views an organization as a set of interrelated sub- system in which variables are mutually dependent. As system can b e perceived as having : some components ,factions and the process performed by these various components, relationships among the components that unequally bind them together into conceptual assembly, an organization principle that gives it purpose. The Organizing system has five basic parts, which are interdependent. They are: The individual, the formal and informal organization, partners behaviour arising out of role demands of the organization, the role perception of individuals and the physical environment in which individuals work. The relationship of the sub system within an organization is fundamental to the systems approach. The different components of organization have to operate in a coordinated manner to attain common organization goes. This results in synergic effect. Thus the output of a system with well integrated systems would be much more than the sum of the outputs of the independent sub- system working in isolation. The system approach provdes a total view of the organization. It enable s analysis of an organization n a scientific manner so that operating system can be developed and an appropriate Human resources information system (HRS) designed. By providing the requiredShow MoreRelatedHuman Resources Management : Human Resource Management1140 Words   |  5 Pagesa business efficiently? Human Resource Management (HRM). Human Resources is the solid foundation that practically oversees the entire organization, whether its managing employees to surveilling the progress of every single department. There are six principle functions that Human Resource take into account: employee relations, recruitment, compliance, compensation and benefits, training and development, and safety (policies/regulations). Over time Human Resource Management has taken a new role intoRead MoreHuman Resources Management And Human Resource Management2123 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction The study of human resource management becomes a major topic of the science of management at the beginning of 20th century and keeps attracting researchers’ attention (Merkle, 1980). 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Every business and enterprise has a human resource manager, including Starbucks, Disney and even Apple. This job includes planning and coordination, organization, consulting employees and to oversee the work and employees. All the schooling and stress that comes along with this occupation pays off in the end with an enjoyable job. HumanRead MoreHuman Resources Management : Human Resource Management1398 Words   |  6 Pages Human Resource Management Overview Tanya Phillips Dr. Andrea Scott, PhD HSA 320, Strayer University October 31, 2016 Human Resources Management Overview Human resources (HR) is the different kinds of clinical and nonclinical responsibilities for public and individual health involvement. The benefits and performance the system can deliver depends upon the knowledge, skills and motivation of those responsible for providing health services. 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The functions of humanRead MoreHuman Resource Management : Human Resources Management1264 Words   |  6 Pagesand research with my family, I decided to go into human resource management, specifically in a hospital. Many people questioned and often said â€Å"Why human resource management?† My answer, I chose human resource managers because I believe they are a vital part of a hospitals success. They make the plans, they direct the staff and they coordinate how people work together and where they need to be. Throughout this paper , I will describe human resource managers- what they do, what are the requirements

Cyber Friends vs. Real Life Friends free essay sample

Angelica Anne A. Vermug IV- St. Rita27 Almost all of us know that there’s a big difference between cyber friends and real life friends. Many people think that these two both have the same level of friendship. Unlike those people, I think that having real friends that you personally see and talk with is priceless and irreplaceable. There’s is nothing more beautiful than great relationships with your friends whom you personally share stories with. Well, I’m not saying that having cyber friends is bad or unacceptable.I’m just saying that real life friends are better and more reliable than those whom we just added as ‘friends’ in the internet. Although cyber friends can also be great friends, there is still something that makes real friends more worth spending your time with. There’s a special connection between ourselves and our friends who we personally interact with. I too have cyber friends who I just met through social networking sites. We will write a custom essay sample on Cyber Friends vs. Real Life Friends or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I can really compare my relationship between these people to my friends who I see almost every day.My cyber friends are the ones who know information about me, like where I study, when is my birthday, or how old I am; and it’s just because a social networking site said so. What if I just wanted to say that I study at this university, even if I don’t? Would that be a shame if these so called â€Å"friends† in the internet actually thought that this is the real you the whole time, simply because they do not really know you that much. The friends that you really see almost every day are the ones who know your birthday, address, school, likes and dislikes not because they are said about these information, but because they really know you? he real you. They know your mood swings, your face when you’re angry, what you hate about your life, or how hard it is to deal with your insecurities. Not only the basic ‘autograph book’ information that they know, but also the facts that you do not really trust to some stranger with. These facts about you that you’re ashamed to share to the whole world as well as to someone you just met in the internet. Of course you do not want to have a bad impression from them; they might not like your photos! There’s always a boundary where you set the limit of the things you say to your cyber friends in your chats.To cut this short, I would rather hang out with my close friends from the neighbourhood or school than just staying home and spend hours and hours just because I’m chatting with someone. It’s not even that worth it. The time that I spend seeing my friends smile and hearing them talking with me with real conversations and response that they didn’t had the minute to think about is a lot more better than sitting at home and just staring on your laptop. I do not want the time to come that I might regret wasting that much time for someone I just met in the internet.

Eating Disorders Types And Treatments Essays - Eating Disorders

Eating Disorders: Types and Treatments People with Bulimia, like those with Anorexia, do not see their bodies realistically. They see themselves in as no matter what the true reflection is. To attain thinness a Bulimic will allow themselves to eat, but then, feel very guilty. As a result of this guilt they will force themselves to throw up, exercise excessively, fast, and often abuse laxatives. This cycle is called binging and purging. A person with Bulimia may range in wieght from slightly underwieght to normal to slightly overweight. This may make it hard to recognize the disorder. Bulimia, like Anorexia , is unhealthy and dangerous because of malnutrition and dehydration. People suffering from Anorexia want very much to be thin. To attain this, they simply stop eating and starve themselves. Regardless of their actual weight, patients with Anorexia will continue to starve themselves even as they are becoming dangerously thin. Eating so little can cause serious health problems, malnutrion, and sadly even death. People with this eating disorder, like the Bulimic will binge. The difference is the compulsive over eater will not purge, although they may feel guilty or diet often. Compulsive over eaters, may range from normal to overweight. Their health may suffer from poor nutrition and diet habits. Group therapy is not only an appropriate modality, but often a chosen modality for its cost-savings as well as its powerful effects. In groups specifically devoted to issues of eating disorders, a patient can gain not only support for the gradual gains they accomplish, but also be confronted on issues more easily than in individual therapy. Children and adolescents can also suffer from this disorder. Treatment for this population needs to emphasize and increase the positive reinforcements granted for each incremental weight gain. These should occur on a daily basis and different rewards should be given for different increments gained (e.g., a reward for 1/4 lb. should be different than a reward for a 1/2 lb.). By focusing on weight increase and not food intake, this technique will likely minimize distracting and useless arguments. Hospitalization of anybody for a mental disorder can often be a confusing and emotion-wrought decision. Family members or significant others may need to intervene in the patient's life to ensure they do not starve themselves to death. In these cases, hospitalization is not only necessary, but a prudent treatment intervention. Family members should be aware that individuals who suffer from anorexia nervosa will often resist treatment of any sort, especially hospitalization. It is important, therefore, to come to an agreement about the need for such a step and not be swayed by the patient's pleas for seeking alternative treatment options. Often these have already been tried to no success. Some medications can be extremely helpful in treatment a person who suffers from anorexia nervosa. As always, the medication should be carefully monitored, especially since the patient may be vomiting, which may impact on the medication's effectiveness. A trusting and honest relationship must be established between the physician and the individual or mediation compliance will almost certainly become an issue. Antidepressants (such as amitriptyline) are the usual drug treatment and may speed up the recovery process. Chlorpromazine may be beneficial for those individuals suffering from severe obsessions and increased anxiety and agitation. Eating disorders are horrible things which affect out society. I have learned what they are, how they are caused and some treatments for them. I know what signs to look for in a person with eating disorders, because I may encouter someone with anorexia or bulimia.

18 Pieces of Publishing Advice From Our Authors

18 Pieces of Publishing Advice From Our Authors 18 Pieces of Publishing Advice From Our Authors For the past two years, this blog has been home to the From Our Authors series: articles penned by authors on the Reedsy Network. They've kindly shared their publishing experiences with their fellow writers, filling us all in on what has worked (and not worked) for them. Straight from this well of knowledge, we've handpicked the 18 best pieces of advice from our authors.Thoughts on Writing1) Amanda Wills: There are two types of writers - Plotters and Pantsers â€Å"If you plan your novel to the nth degree before you type a single word, you’re a Plotter; if you sit at your computer, take a deep breath and fly by the seat of your pants, you’re a Pantser. There are pros and cons to both: Knowing exactly what’s coming next means that Plotters are less likely to suffer from writer’s block. Pantsers, on the other hand, have the freedom to let their characters take control, which can be both terrifying and exciting at the same time. However, be warned, Pantsers: editing will be especially important for you in order to spot plot continuity problems.†2) Frank Warsh: How reading comic books can enhance your storytelling skills "Maybe the goal of the story is plot-driven - setting up a story arc of Batman coming into conflict with the police and justice system. Maybe the goal is character-driven, and Batman’s increasing violence is a sign of repressed childhood memories. Maybe it’s both. The point is that comic books provide a ready-made template for breaking down your story into well-circumscribed chapters or â€Å"beats." success@reedsy.com and maybe our next round-up will feature nuggets of wisdom from you!

Competitive Environment Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Competitive Environment Questions - Essay Example It takes place in imperfect market and monopoly market is a perfect example which provides restraints towards entry. There are no barriers to entry in a perfectly competitive market where the firms are price takers and have no power of price making behavior. Barriers to entry may be structural, legal or strategic (Besanko, et al, -2010, p. 473). Structural barriers affect the decisions associated with the cost and demand of the firms and it may occur due to economies of scale and network effects. Legal barriers from its name can be said to be barriers like patents, license etc from the ruling body. In case of strategic barriers, it includes various decisions made by the firms in restricting the entry of other firms with application of methods like innovative dealing arrangements, first mover advantage, and unique advertising and product differentiation techniques and so on (Competition and Barriers to Entry, 2007, p.3). 1 (b) Comment generally on the impact of ‘the Internetâ₠¬â„¢ on such barriers Internet auction market is an example of structural barriers to entry. The concept of positive network externality plays an important role in this case. The concept of positive network externality states that when a firm’s product is more attractive to a given customer base then more of the product is used by other consumers. Recent eBay. Com has emerged as one of the internet auction leader and its huge database offers the customers a wide array of products to be purchased at a time. The huge volume of transactions on this particular website is a typical example of barriers to entry towards other internet auction companies as in case of eBay they make huge money through the basis of commissions on transactions. Now a newcomer will have to either huge money which will not cover his cost or it will not be attractive as eBay because it already has a great market reputation and mammoth customer base (Besanko, et al, -2010, p. 473).The concept of strategic b arriers to entry is also associated with the structural barrier concept as the various companies through innovative production differentiation techniques like innovative advertisement, promotions, lucrative offer also try to capture markets as for example jabong.com, flipkart.com, snap deal.com and holds parity with the assumptions of monopolistic competition. In case of the airlines industry, with the use of internet has helped various travel agents reap a huge benefit through third party transactions on commission basis which affects the traditional travel agencies. Thus legal barriers are sometimes imposed (Dembrower & Grenblad, 2003, p. 3). 2. Explain and give examples of ‘collusive behaviour’, which is common in ‘Oligopolistic’ markets, AND identify the conditions necessary for ‘collusive agreements’ to survive in the long term. In oligopolistic markets various players cater to the same industry as for example in the soft drinks market two dominant players are Coca Cola and Pepsi. They formulate and implement optimal strategies against their rivals in order to make them worse off by calculating on their respective reaction functions (Bertrand game). Thus the

Final Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 11

Final - Essay Example In the initial contemporary period, European encounters were the result of the advancement of change of the western societies, during the revolution into the current capitalist markets and nations to states. The first advancement was experienced in the 15th and 16th centuries, and the focus was the Atlantic basin, which constituted the Atlantic islands, Coastal West Africa, and Central America continent. This also included the Northern Seas, the Oriental Seas and the Asian Seas. The second advancement was in the 18th century, which took place around the Pacific regions. The other expansion was in the 19th century, which took place in the central Africa. All these advancements brought with them new encounters like socialization and movement of people from different parts of the world, which in turn brought about appreciation and development of different cultures or the transcultural world. There was also redistribution of the world resources, which led to imbalance in the world economy as Europeans benefitted more than others (Heinemann 301). These encounters also stimulated the European perception on the nature and community in general, and brought new perspectives of rational enquiry. Also, there were impressive travel accounts and historical writings, which form an important part of history today. Western civilization is viewed as legacy of concepts that exists in Europe and America, which emanated from Greece and Rome. However, the civilization does not belong to any specific place. Different people used historical evidence to promote their own ideas, for instance, Martin Luther’s ideas were based on the Christian teaching in the holy bible. He suggested that, according to the word of God, individuals cannot exist as unmarried without sinning, and it is only in the family where chaste life could hold. Martin Luther encouraged and advocated for removal of girls from the nunneries and covenants that led to sexual repression. Luther

Poem Comparing Essay Example for Free

Poem Comparing Essay Good evening Mr. Georges and fellow classmates, I have researched about 2 poems and made a comparison between the two. I’m here today to talk to you about them and see what you think at the end of the speech. The two poems I researched were (on the sea, author John Keats) and (sea fever, author John Masefield). as you can see from the title of the poems that they are bot about the sea but don’t be confused, they’re both completely different stories. Both of these poems talk about the sea, they are both referring to the sea as a human and identifying it in a human characteristic kind of way. As we can see along the sonnet (on the sea), the author uses terms as uproar rude, mighty swell, caverns, and vexed, desolate shores. He also mentions The Greco-Roman goddess Hecate associated with magic and the wild. This is referring to the sea and how ruthless it can be. This poem deals with nature, focusing on its wild and violent side. This poem also reflects on human actions. The poem is comparing the nature with the human being, because we can also get wild and violent. It seems a criticism of the alienation of the human being -above all when living and working in big cities. So the author may be calling our attention – the speaker of the poem addresses to us (Oh ye!) -And giving us a piece of advice- not to underestimate nature. John Masefields poem Sea Fever is a work of art that brings beauty to the English language through its use of rhythm, imagery and many complex figures of speech. The imagery in Sea Fever suggests an adventurous ocean that appeals to all five senses. Along with an adventurous ocean, Sea Fever also sets a mood of freedom through imagery of traveling gypsies. These poems both use a rhythmic tone in their stanzas. In the sonnet â€Å"sea fever† lines 3 and four, it uses rhythmic language, these lines say â€Å"And the wheel’s kick and the wind’s song and the white sail’s shaking, And a grey mist on the sea’s face, and a grey dawn breaking† These are just two lines in the poem but if you actually read the poem you can see examples of rhyme throughout the whole poem. In the sonnet â€Å"On the sea† examples of rhythmic language can be found in the lines 4 and 5, these lines say â€Å"Of Hecate leaves them their old shadowy sound, Often tis in such gentle temper found† and as in the first sonnet, this sonnet also has rhythmic language throughout the whole poem. These poems also have their differences; they each talk about the sea but in a different perception. The sonnet, (on the sea), talks about the sea and how angry it can be, it is comparing the sea with human actions and is warning the humans to be careful of the nature. It talks about the Greco-Roman goddess Hecate associated with magic and the wild. I wonder if the author is referring to something that happened to his life that made him so angry to write this poem, what do you think it could be? The Author uses language techniques like Personification, Capitalisation and rhyme. He personifies the Sea in line 5 by saying it has a gentle temper. The author uses capitalization for the word †Sea† which makes me believe that he was trying to make the subject of the poem a human. â€Å"He uses Rhyme throughout the whole poem and it does make the poem seem more interesting to read. The sonnet (sea fever) is completely opposite to the sonnet (on the sea) because sea fever talks about the sea but it talks about a sailor and how he just can’t wait to get on a ship and sail into the sea. This poem talks about a sailor who is very excited to go out to sea, he wants adventure, and he wants a wild journey into the ocean living the vagrant gypsy life. The author refers to the sea as a home to this sailor unlike the sonnet (on the sea) which refers to the sea as a wild, dangerous and ruthless place. The author uses language techniques like Metaphors, emotive language and Repetition. Examples of Metaphors used in this poem are (sea and the sky) line 1, (star to steer) line 2, (and gulls way and the whales way where the winds like a whetted knife) line 10. Examples of Emotive language used in this poem are (to the lonely sea and the sky) line 1 (and the sea gulls crying) line 8. An example of repletion is that he starts every stanza with the sentence (I must go down to the seas again). So in conclusion these poems are similar but different in many ways, and like me and you each of them has their ups and downs. They both talk about the sea but each in a different perception. Thanks for listening to my speech and I hope you gained a little information from me today.

Myths of Cultures and Civilizations Essay -- Civilization, Myths, Lege

From before the dawn of civilization as we know it, humanity has formed myths and legends to explain the natural world around them. Whether it is of Zeus and Hera or Izanami-no-Mikoto and Izanagi-no-mikoto, every civilization and culture upon this world has its own mythos. However, the age of myth is waning as it is overshadowed in this modern era by fundamental religion and empirical science. The word myth has come to connote blatant falsehood; however, it was not always so. Our myths have reflected both the society and values of the culture they are from. We have also reflected our inner psyche, conscious and unconscious, unto the fabric of our myths. This reflection allows us to understand ourselves and other cultures better. Throughout the eons of humanity’s existence, the myths explain natural phenomena and the cultural legends of the epic hero have reflected the foundations and the inner turmoil of the human psyche. Over the recent centuries, the definition of myth has decayed into a word synonymous with falsehoods and lies. This idea of myths being completely false and therefore useless is a fairly modern one. To combat the rise of empirical science in the 1900s, theologians brought the idea of wholly literal, fundamental religion into being to combat ideas that did not perfectly align with the tenants of the religion (May 24). This was the final death blow to the idea of the metaphysical myth that was already wounded from thousands of years of being denounced as pagan or barbaric. The rise of empirical science also lent to the decay of the meaning of myth. Science was able to explain the natural world far better than a myth ever could; however, it lacked the metaphysical aspect. Due to these rising ideologies, myths hav... ...ng, Ph.D.. n.p. 2002. Web. 25 Mar. 2013. Drysdale, Jilian Miller. â€Å"Faces of the Goddess.† Synchronicity. Dec. 1999/Jan. 2000: 29-31. Sirs Renaissance. Web. 29 Mar. 2014. Freud, Sigmund. The Future of an Illusion. New York: Norton & Company Inc., 1961. Print. Henderson, Joseph. â€Å"Ancient Myths and Modern Men.† Man and his Symbols. Ed. Carl Jung. New York: Doubleday & Company Inc., 1964. 104-158. Print. Jung, Carl. â€Å"Approaching the Unconscious.† Man and his Symbols. Ed. Carl Jung. New York: Doubleday & Company Inc., 1964. 1-104. Kromholz, Susan Foster, and P. Kyle McCarter. â€Å"Why Myth Endures.† Johns Hopkins Magazine. Aug 1990: 32-37. Sirs Issues Researcher. Web, 07 Apr. 2104. May, Rollo. The Cry for Myth. New York: Norton & Company, 1991. Print. Sels, Nadia. Myth, Mind, and Metaphor: On the Relation of Mythology and Psychoanalysis. n.p. 2011. Web. 25 Mar 2014.

Managing paediatric illness Essay

Accidents will happen however careful you carry out risk assessments and supervise children. That is why it is recommended that practitioners take a first aid course. There has to be at least one first aider present at all registered settings. The aims of first aid are often remembered as the three p’s, these are: Preserve Life. Prevent the condition from worsening. Promote recovery. Sometimes first aid is all that is necessary- for instance, common minor injuries such as grazes can be treated sufficiently. However, it is important to recognise when medical assistance is required urgently. Whenever you are dealing with an accident, incident or illness you must stay calm. You should reassure casualties, and children who are bystanders, as they may be frightened. You should ensure that you and others are not put at unnecessary risk. Think through your actions carefully and make safety your priority. Major fractures are often associated with other injuries and priorities must be set in each patient. Control of internal concealed haemorrhage, for example, from a ruptured spleen, takes precedence over fracture management. It is, however, important in severely injured patients that open fractures are managed as early as possible. The advantages of this approach include diminished risk of infection, reduction in pain, early ability to sit upright with improved respirato ry function, reduced continuing blood loss, and improved healing of soft tissue injuries and a reduced incidence of fat embolism. Initial assessment. Primary survey- the ABCDE’s of the primary survey should be assessed. Haemorrhage from a musculoskeletal injury should be identified and controlled with direct pressure. It is important to recognise that significant amounts of blood may be lost from fractures of the pelvis or femur and haemodynamic instability from hypovolemia may be present. Physical examination is carried out while resuscitation is in progress in hypovolemic patients. Clothing is cut free and the patient is examined for fractures and  for evidence of internal haemorrhage. The following are important adjuncts to the primary survey and resuscitation; Fracture reduction and immobilisation emergency splinting of fractures will minimise soft tissue damage, reduce blood loss, control pain and prevent conversion of a closed fracture to an open fracture. Temporary traction devices may be used to maintain satisfactory alignment. It is important to examine the injured limb for signs of vascular and nerve injury, as well as searching for a fracture or dislocation. The fractured limb should be handled as gently as possible if some realignment is necessary in order to apply a padded standard or improvised splint. Splinting should immobilise the joints above and below the fracture also. The open wound compound fracture should be promptly covered with a clean or sterile dressing. Bone protruding from the wound should be left undisturbed. Analgesia. Although splinting greatly assists pain control, the emergency services may administer an intravenous narcotic analgesia. Resuscitation- up to four litres of blood may be lost with severe fractures of the pelvis or femur. Adequate resuscitation before internal fixation is particularly important in such patients, who may lose 50% or more of their blood volume, either externally (with open injuries) or into the tissues of the thigh and pelvis. One or two litres of blood distributed evenly throughout the soft tissues of the thigh will increase the external diameter by a mere 1-2cm; patients with multiple pelvic and other fractures can require replacement or considerably more than their blood volume. Secondary survey- during the secondary survey a focused history and examination are performed, including a neurological assessment. History taking should incorporate ‘ample’ and the following points should be considered: circumstances of the accident, and history of crushing trauma or explosive forces. If the patient has been involved in a motor vehicle accident. Physical examination and neurological assessment. Signs of fracture are local loss of function, bony tenderness, swelling, deformity, bruising and protective muscle spasm. Testing for abnormal movement and crepitus is unnecessarily painful and contraindicated. An obvious fracture may often distract attention from a less obvious injury. For example, dislocation of the hip may coexist with an obvious femoral shaft fracture (sometimes the real cause of persistent shock); a spinal fracture with a  fracture of the calcaneus. Visceral injuries such as splenic rupture are seen with fractured ribs; urethral or bladder injuries with a fractured pelvis. The examiner should check peripheral pulses and evidence of limb ischemia beyond a fracture-such a complication requires urgent correction. The most common vascular injuries are at the knee and elbow-to the popliteal vessels after severe knee injury in children and to the brachial artery following supracondylar fracture. Neurological examination is also essential; loss of motor power in any muscle group or loss of any cutaneous sensation indicates nerve injury. If the patient can flex and extend the toes and ankle, the major nerves of the lower extremity are intact; if the fingers can be spread and flexed and the thumb can be extended, functional integrity of the major nerves of the upper limb is present. Common nerve injuries following fractures are: the radial nerve from fracture of the mid-humerus, the peroneal nerve from proximal fibular fracture and knee injuries, and the ulnar nerve from fracture of the medical epicondyle of the humerus. Sciatic and axillary nerve injuries must always be excluded after dislocation of the hip or shoulder. Careful attention to the details of local treatment is most important. Fractur es heal promptly with correct local treatment. Children are constantly bumping and bruising themselves. All it takes is one fall too hard, and the child might just end up with a broken bone. One out of five people has had a fracture at some point in time, and the maximum of these fractures occur during childhood. How can you tell if it’s a fracture or a sprain? The pains is less intensive in a sprain than in a fracture, but never make a mistake of underestimating someone’s pain threshold. A dislocation is when the bone has come out from the socket. This also results in acute pain, swelling, an inability to carry any weight and an inability to move the injured limb. A hairline fracture is just when the bone gets a crack that goes through it. Such fractures still cause immense pain, but at least the chances of needing an operation are slim. A compound fracture is one in which the bone completely breaks apart pops out through the skin. This is the worst kind and it may result in loss of blood as well. The first step to be taken is to immobilise the limb.it should not be moved at all. Leg fracture- if a child has a suspected fractured leg, carefully straighten it. Call for emergency services and in the meantime, secure the leg so it doesn’t move. Apply two splints, one on  the inner leg from the foot to inner thigh, and the other on the outside, from the foot to the armpit. Secure the splints well. Do not move the child until their leg has been completely immobil ised. You could tie both legs together for added support. Hand fracture- the hand should be moved to a 90 degree angle and kept close to the chest. It should be immobilised in this position, and if the pain is too intense, do not move it at all. To help maintain the position place the injured arm into a sling. Bleeding- if a child is bleeding, you should treat the bleeding first. Stop the bleeding by first cleaning it with sterile water and then apply a sterile clean dressing. Keep RICE in mind, as a first aid treatment for all fractures, sprains and dislocations: Rest- Give plenty of rest to the immobilised limb. Move it as little as possible so that there is no strain. Ice- Apply ice to the injured area. No heat treatment or massage should be given. Use an ice pack or wrap some ice cubes in a damp towel and apply it to the injured area. You could also use anything frozen such as a packet of frozen peas. Compression- Wrap up the injured area with a large crepe bandage if possible, or use any clean, fresh cloth available. Wrap it as tight as is comfortable. However ask the patient don’t assume how tight it is. This will relieve pain somewhat. Elevation- The injured limb should preferably be raised above the level of t he heart. This could be done using something like a pillow. During any first aid treatment it is vital that the patient is reassured and is made as comfortable as possible and that you stay as calm as possible to keep the situation and patient calm, do not delay seeking medical assistance and ensure the patient remains nil by mouth in case surgery or anaesthesia is needed as this will delay things. Head injuries occur commonly in child hood and adolescence. Most head injuries are mild and not associated with brain injury or long term complications. A head injury is any trauma that injures the scalp, skull, or brain. The injury may be only a minor bump on the skull or a serious brain injury. A closed head injury means you received a hard blow to the head from striking an object, but the object did not break the skull. An open, or penetrating, head injury means you were hit with an object that broke the skull and entered the brain. This usually happens when you move at high speed. Symptoms of a head injury can occur right away, or develop slowly over several hours or days. Even if the skull is not fractured, the brain can bang against the inside of  the skull and be bruised. The head may look fine, but problems could result from bleeding or swelling inside the skull. In any serious head trauma, the spinal cord is also likely to be injured. Some head injuries cause changes in br ain function. This is called a traumatic brain injury. Learning to recognise a serious head injury and give basic first aid can save someone’s life. Get medical help immediately if the person: Becomes very sleepy. Behaves abnormally. Develops a severe headache or stiff neck. Has pupils of unequal size. Is unable to move an arm or leg. Loses consciousness, even briefly. Vomits more than once. Concussion-the term concussion is used to describe a mild form of traumatic brain injury. Concussion includes confusion, amnesia, headache, vomiting and dizziness. Seizures. The signs and symptoms of a skull fracture are: A cut, bruise, or swelling on their head. There may also be bruising around their eyes and behind their ears. Blood or clear fluid coming out from their head, ear or nose. Bump or lump on their head. Dizziness, feeling tired. Pain or tenderness on their head. Very bad headache. Cerebral compression is very serious and almost invariably requires surgery. Cerebral compression occurs when there is a build-up of pressure on the brain. This pressure may be due to one of several different causes, such as an accumulation of blood within the skull or swelling of injured brain tissues. Cerebral compression is usually caused by a head injury. However, it can also be due to other causes, such as stroke, infection or a brain tumour. The condition may develop immediately after a head injury, or it may appear a few hours or even days later. Recognising cerebral compression Deteriorating level of response. History of a recent head injury. Intense headache. Noisy breathing, becoming slow. Slow, yet full and strong pulse. Unequal pupil size. Weakness/paralysis down one side. High temperature. Drowsiness. Abnormal behaviour. You should always consider the possibility of cervical spine injury in cases of head injuries. There are two types of injury. Typical cervical hyperextension injuries occur in drivers/passengers of a statutory or slow-moving vehicle that is struck from behind. The person’s body is thrown forward but the head lags, resulting in hyperextension of the neck. When the head and neck have reached maximum extension the neck then snaps into flexion. A rapid deceleration throws the head forwards and flexes the cervical spine. The chin limits forward flexion but the forward movement may be sufficient to cause longitudinal distraction and neurological damage. Hyperextension may occur in the subsequent recoil. The symptoms include: Neck pain, jaw pain, para spinal muscle tightness and spasms. Interscapular and low back pain. Reduced range of movements and neck tenderness. Headache, dizziness, vertigo, blurring of vision. Numbness in shoulders and arms. Swelling. Insomnia, anxiety. Leg weakness. Arm weakness. Other possible cause of acute neck pain and stiffness caused by head injury include: Spinal fracture. Cervical disc herniation. Subarachnoid haemorrhage. Cervical spondylosis. The primary goal in the early management of a severely injured patient is the  provision of sufficient oxygen to the tissues to avoid organ failure and secondary central nervous system damage. The first priority is to establish and maintain a patient’s airway. With the addition of high-concentration oxygen and the presence of adequate tissue perfusion, this will enable sufficient spontaneous breathing or assisted ventilation to oxygenate the patient. The possibility of an unstable cervical injury exists in patients exposed to significant blunt trauma; during airway interventions neck movements must be minimised to avoid secondary harm to the spinal cord. Head injury with impaired consciousness and reduced pharyngeal tone is the commonest trauma-related cause of airway obstruction. The airway may also be soiled with blood or regurgitated matter. Blunt or penetrating injuries that obstruct the airway include maxillary, mandibular and laryngotracheal fractures, and the large an terior neck haematomas. Significant partial and incipient airway obstruction are also potential causes of early death. Vigilant reassessment with immediate restoration and protection of airway patency is essential. Having ensured scene safety, the initial approach to the trauma victim begins with an assessment of the patency of the airway and if indicated manual in line stabilisation (MILS) of the cervical spine. In unconsciousness patients, the head and neck should be maintained in neutral alignment. MILS may be replaced with a correctly sized hard cervical collar, lateral blocks and straps across the forehead and chin piece of the collar. Spinal immobilisation prohibits head tilt. A jaw thrust may be more effective in relieving airway obstruction with decreased consciousness than a chin lift. However, a jaw thrust can cause significant movement of an unstable cervical spine. If tolerated an oropharyngeal airway may maintain airway patency while exerting less force on the vertebrae. Subsequently assisted ventilation may be more successful if separate rescuers apply the jaw thrust, hold the face mask and begin resuscitation. Any material such as dust, sand or paint that gets into the eye is called a foreign body. Foreign bodies fall into two categories; Superficial- these stick to the front of the eye or get trapped under one of the eyelids, but do not enter the eye. Penetrating- these penetrate the outer layer of the eye and enter the eye. These objects are usually travelling at high speed and are commonly made of metal. Superficial foreign bodies are not usually serious. A penetrating eye injury can be extremely serious-it may lead to blindness in not detected and treated promptly. If you get a superficial body in your eye, first aid treatment in the form of a gentle rinsing with sterile water is appropriate it is easier to tilt the head or lie down and rinse the eye from the side. It is vital to keep the child calm and reassure them throughout. If a child has a penetrating eye injury you must seek urgent medical assistance remembering to keep calm and reassure the child. Foreign bodies in the ear can either be in the lobe or in the ear canal. Objects usually found in the ear lobe are earrings, either stuck in the lobe from infection or placed too deep during insertion. Foreign bodies in the ear canal can be anything a child can push into their ear. The reason children place things in their ears is usually because they are bored, curious or copying other children. Sometimes, one child may put an object in another child’s ear during play. Insects may also fly into the ear canal, causing potential harm. The treatment for foreign bodies in the ear is prompt removal of the object. In the case of the foreign body being an insect you can use tepid water in any other case it is important that trained professionals remove the items to prevent any further damage occuring. The techniques they may use include: Instruments may be inserted to retrieve it. Magnets in the case of metal objects. Cleaning the ear canal with water. A machine with suction to help pull the object out. After removal of the object the ear will be re-examined to determine whether there is any injury to the ear canal. Antibiotic drops may be prescribed to treat any possible infection. Medical help should be sought if treatment is unsuccessful and to ensure all materials are removed. The most common symptom of a foreign body in the nose is nasal discharge. The drainage appears only on one side of the nose and often has a bad odour. In some cases, the child may also have a bloody nose. The treatment for this involves prompt removal by a medical professional. They may find if  necessary to sedate a child in order to remove the object successfully. Again the doctor may prescribe nose drops or antibiotic treatment. Whilst waiting for medical assistance it is vital to encourage the child to breathe through their mouth. Corneal abrasions- are a scratch or injury to the cornea, the clear, dome-shaped surface that covers the front of the eye. There are many things that can cause an abrasion to the cornea. When objects make contact with the surface of the eye, a small abrasion can occur. Chemical burn- occurs when a child gets any type of chemical in their eye. Chemical burns are a medical emergency. They can result in a loss of vision and even a loss of the eye itself. Household cleaning agents are a common cause of this type of injury. Bruising or black eye- usually occurs from some type of injury to the eye, causing the tissue around the eye to become bruised. Fractures to the orbit- the orbit is the bony structure around the eye. When one or more bones surrounding the eye are broken. An orbital fracture usually occurs after some type of injury or strike to the face. Eyelid lacerations- are cuts to the eyelids caused by injury. General symptoms of eye injuries can include: Blood in the eyeball. Changes in the shape of the iris or pupil. Eye pain. The absence of obvious symptoms. When checking eyes for injury it is important to wear gloves and any cuts should be cleaned with sterile water to prevent infection, always wash hands before and after examining a patient. Check the patient’s vision. Within the setting the most common eye injury is caused by things such as sand this can be dealt with by a trained first aider on site. However other injuries will more than likely need medical assistance. Sickle Cell Anaemia. Symptoms vary, ranging from mild to severe, and may be less severe, or different in children who have inherited a sickle cell gene from one parent and a different abnormal haemoglobin gene from the other. Most children with sickle cell disease have some degree of anaemia and might develop one or more of the following conditions and symptoms as part of the disorder: Acute chest syndrome. Aplastic crisis. Hand-foot syndrome. Infections. Painful crisis. Splenic sequestration crisis. Stroke. Bone marrow transplant is the only known cure for sickle cell disease. But even without a cure, children with sickle cell can lead relatively normal lives. Medicines are available to help manage the pain and immunisations and daily doses of penicillin can help prevent infection. Most children will require two doses of penicillin, as prescribed by their GP, if attending a setting a nominated individual will be responsible for the administration of this medication. It is vital to seek emergency attention if the child develops: Fever of 101  °F or higher. Chest pains Pain that isn’t relieved by oral medication. Shortness of breath or trouble breathing. Extreme fatigue. Severe headache or dizziness. Severe stomach pain or swelling. Jaundice or paleness. Sudden change of vision. Seizures. Weakness. Slurring. Loss of consciousness. Numbness or tingling. Remember to reassure the child, you should encourage the child to drink plenty of fluids, rest regularly and avoid temperatures. Diabetes. Regular testing of blood glucose levels is a very important part of diabetes care. Testing is done by taking a drop of blood, usually from a finger, and placing it on a special test strip in a glucose meter. Caregivers must practice universal precautions when handling and disposing of testing equipment. Hyperglycaemia, or high blood sugar, occurs with both types of diabetes. It occurs when the body gets too little insulin, too much food, too little exercise or with illness. Stress from a cold, sore throat, or other illness may increase the level of blood glucose. Symptoms include frequent irritation, excessive thirst, extreme hunger, unusual weightless, irritability and poor sleep, nausea and vomiting, and weakness and blurred vision. Hypoglycaemia, or low blood sugar, is more common in people with type 1 diabetes. It is the most common immediate health problem and is also called ‘insulin reaction’ or ‘insulin shock’. It occurs when the body gets too much insulin, too little food, a delayed meal or more than the usual amount of exercise. Symptoms include hunger, changes in mood or behaviour, sweating, and rapid pulse. Treatment commonly involves quickly restoring glucose levels to normal with a sugary food or drink such as orange juice, candy, biscuits or glucose tablets. If not treated properly, it can result in loss of consciousness and a life-threatening coma. Glucagon injections are used in life-threatening situations to increase blood glucose. First aid for a diabetic come are as followed: Call emergency services. Don’t try to give them food or fluids as they may choke. Place them into the recovery position to prevent any obstruction to breathing. Follow any instructions given to you by the emergency services operator until paramedics arrive. Asthma. In an asthma attack the muscles of the air passages in the lungs go into spasm and the linings of the airways swell. As a result, the airways become narrowed and breathing becomes difficult. Sometimes there is a specific trigger for an asthma attack such as: an allergy a cold cigarette smoke extremes of temperature exercise. Recognition features Difficulty in breathing, with a very prolonged breathing-out phase. There may also be: wheezing as the casualty breathes out difficulty speaking and whispering distress and anxiety coughing features of hypoxia, such as a grey-blue tinge to the lips, earlobes and nail beds (cyanosis). Severities of attacks are frightening for the child concerned and can also by frightening for those children who may be witnessing it. The child wheezes and becomes breathless. Prompt action is needed. Reassure the child. Give bronchodilator inhaler as instructed if the child is a known asthmatic. These inhalers should always be immediately available- they deliver medication to the lungs to relieve the affected airways. Children may also have another type of inhaler used to prevent attacks. Make sure you know which to use in an emergency, particularly if older children generally use their inhalers themselves. Sit child upright and leaning forwards in a comfortable position. Stay with them. If this is the first attack or the condition persists call for an ambulance remember to note changes in the child’s face and lips (colour) and all breathing difficulties and speech to pass onto paramedics. Ensure there is adequate ventilation and encourage the child to breathe deeply and slo wly. Meningitis. Meningitis should be treated as a medical emergency because bacterial meningitis can lead to septicaemia which can be fatal. Bacterial meningitis is the more serious form of the condition. The symptoms usually begin suddenly and rapidly get worse. Emergency services should be contacted  immediately if it is suspected. Bacterial meningitis has a number of early warning signs that usually occur before other symptoms. These are: Pain in the muscles, joints or limbs. Unusually cold hands and feet. Pale or blotchy skin and blue lips. The presence of a high temperature with any of the above symptoms should be taken very seriously and emergency services should be called. Early symptoms are similar to those of many other conditions, and include: A severe headache. Fever. Nausea. Vomiting. Feeling generally unwell. As the condition gets worse it may cause: Drowsiness. Confusion. Seizures or fits. Being unable to tolerate bright light. A stiff neck. A rapid breathing rate. A blotchy rash that does not fade or change colour when you place a glass against it. Viral meningitis- most people will experience mild flu like symptoms. When examining a child with suspected meningitis it is vital to wash hands and wear personal, protective, equipment such as disposable aprons, and gloves to reduce the risk of cross infection, ensure you reassure and don’t panic the child at any stage. It is important to inform senior staff or management of the case so they can contact and inform others where necessary. Febrile convulsions. Febrile convulsions maybe due to epilepsy, or a high temperature. Violent muscle twitching, clenched fists, arched back, may lead to unconsciousness. Do not try to restrain the child. Instead clear the immediate area and  surround the child with pillows or padding for protection. Cool the environment and the child gradually (as for a temperature), sponging skin if necessary. When seizures stop place the child in the recovery position and reassure. Dial 999. Remember to prevent choking ensure the mouth is clear; drain any fluids, pulling the chin and jaw forward if breathing is affected. Epilepsy. It is vital to remain calm when dealing with seizures as a person’s response to seizures can influence how other people act. If the first person remains calm, it will help others stay calm too. Talking calmly and reassuring the patient during and after the seizure- it will help them as they recover from the seizure. Don’t be afraid. Stay calm. The person will be ok. Do not try to stop the person from shaking. If the patient is walking, gently guide them away from dangerous places like stairs. Call emergency services and tell them clearly what is happening and you need an ambulance. To make sure they don’t get hurt, move anything sharp. Place something soft under the patients head, loosen tight clothing, and remove jewellery and glasses. Do not put anything in the patient’s mouth. If you can, check a clock to see what time the seizure begun and the time the shaking stops or the person wakes up. Once the seizure has ended place them in the recovery position to stop them from choking and causing any harm to themselves. Never leave the patient wait until medical help is there and remember to speak in a quiet voice to reassure the patient. You should never restrain someone having a seizure. Just protect the person form injury, as restrains them, can cause more harm, and remember putting someone into the recovery position after a seizure can stop them from swallowing their own tongue which could lead to death. Hypothermia. Hypothermia happens when a person’s body temperature drops below 35 °C (95 °F). Normal body temperature is around 37 °C (98.6 °F). Hypothermia can quickly become life threatening and should be treated as a medical emergency. It’s usually caused by being in a cold environment and can be triggered by a  combination of things – such as being outdoors in cold conditions for a long time, living in a poorly heated house or falling into cold water. The signs of hypothermia vary depending on how low a person’s temperature has dropped. Initial symptoms include shivering, tiredness, fast breathing and cold or pale skin. As the temperature drops, shivering becomes more violent (although this will stop completely if the hypothermia worsens further), the person is likely to become delirious, and struggle to breathe or move and they may lose consciousness. Babies with hypothermia may look healthy but their skin will feel cold. They may also be limp, unusually quiet and refuse to feed. You should seek immediate medical help if you suspect someone has hypothermia. If someone you know has been exposed to the cold and they are distressed, confused, have slow, shallow breathing or they’re unconscious, they may have severe hypothermia. In this case, dial 999 immediately to request an ambulance. While waiting for medical help, it is important to try to prevent further heat loss and gently warm the person. You should: Move the person indoors or somewhere warm as soon as possible. Once they are somewhere warm, carefully remove any wet clothing and dry the person. Wrap them in blankets, towels or coats. If the person is unconscious, not breathing and you can’t detect a pulse in their neck after 60 seconds, cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (CPR) should be given if you know how to do it. Once CPR is started, it should be continued without any breaks until medical assistance arrives. There are several things you can do to prevent hypothermia. Simple measures can help, such as wearing appropriate warm clothing in cold weather and ensuring that children are well wrapped up when they go outside. Hyperthermia. Hyperthermia is the general name given to a variety of heat-related illnesses. Warm weather and outdoor activity go hand in hand. However, it is important for older people to take action to avoid the severe health problems often caused by hot weather. The two most common forms of hyperthermia are heat exhaustion and heat stroke. Of the two, heat stroke is especially dangerous and requires immediate medical attention. Heat stress occurs when a strain is placed on the body as a result of hot  weather. Heat fatigue is a feeling of weakness brought on by high outdoor temperature. Symptoms include cool, moist skin and a weakened pulse. The person many feel faint. Heat syncope is a sudden dizziness experienced after exercising in the heat. The skin appears pale and sweaty but is generally moist and cool. The pulse is weakened and the heart rate is usually rapid. Body temperature is normal. Heat cramps are painful muscle spasms in the abdomen, arms or legs following strenuous activity. Heat cramps are caused by a lack of salt in the body. Heat exhaustion is a warning that the body is getting too hot. The person may be thirsty, giddy, weak, uncoordinated, nauseated and sweating profusely. The body temperature is normal and the pulse is normal or raised. The skin is cold and clammy. Heat stroke can be life-threatening and victims can die. A person with heat stroke usually has a body temperature above 104 degrees Fahrenheit. Other symptoms include confusion, combativeness, bizarre behaviour, faintness, staggering, strong and rapid pulse, and possible delirium or coma. High body temperature is capable of producing irreversible brain damage. If the child is exhibiting signs of heat stroke, emergency assistance should be sought immediately. Without medical attention, heat stroke can be deadly. Heat exhaustion may be treated in several ways: get the victim out of the sun into a cool place, preferably one that is air conditioned offer fluids but avoid alcohol and caffeine – water and fruit juices are best encourage the individual to shower and bathe, or sponge off with cool water urge the person to lie down and rest, preferably in a cool place to prevent injury if the casualty does faint. Remain calm and reassure the child. Electric Shock. The human body conducts electricity very well. That means electricity passes very easily throughout the body. Direct contact with electrical current can be deadly. While some electrical burns look minor, there still may be serious internal damage, especially to the heart, muscles, or brain. Electric current can cause injury in three ways: Cardiac arrest due to the electrical effect on the heart Muscle, nerve, and tissue destruction from a current passing through the body Thermal burns from contact with the electrical source 1. If you can do so safely, turn off the electrical current. Unplug the cord, remove the fuse from the fuse box, or turn off the circuit breakers. Simply turning off an appliance may NOT stop the flow of electricity. Do NOT attempt to rescue a person near active high-voltage lines. 2. Call your local emergency number, such as 911. 3. If the current can’t be turned off, use a non-conducting object, such as a broom, chair, rug, or rubber doormat to push the person away from the source of the current. Do not use a wet or metal object. If possible, stand on something dry and that doesn’t conduct electricity, such as a rubber mat or folded newspapers. 4. Once the person is away from the source of electricity, check the person’s airway, breathing, and pulse. If either has stopped or seems dangerously slow or shallow, start first aid. (See: CPR) 5. If the person has a burn, remove any clothing that comes off easily, and rinse the burned area in cool running water until the pain subsides. Give first aid for burns. 6. If the person is faint, pale, or shows other signs of shock, lay him or her down, with the head slightly lower than the trunk of the body and the legs elevated, and cover him or her with a warm blanket or a coat. 7. Stay with the person until medical help arrives. 8. Electrical injury is frequently associated with explosions or falls that can cause additional severe injuries. You may not be able to notice all of them. Do not move the person’s head or neck if the spine may be injured. Stay at least 20 feet away from a person who is being electrocuted by high-voltage electrical current (such as power lines) until the power is turned off. Do NOT touch the person with your bare hands if they are still in contact with the source of electricity Do NOT apply ice, butter, ointments, medications, fluffy cotton dressings, or adhesive bandages to a burn Do NOT remove dead skin or break blisters if the person has been burned After the power is shut off, do NOT move the person unless there is a risk of fire or explosion Burns and Scalds. Superficial burns Superficial burns only affect the surface of your skin (epidermis). Your skin will be red and painful, but not blistered. Mild sunburn is an example of a superficial burn. Partial-thickness burns Partial-thickness burns are deeper burns that damage your epidermis and dermis to varying degrees. If the damage to your dermis is shallow, your skin may be pale pink and painful, with blisters. Deeper burns to your dermis will cause your skin to become dry or moist, blotchy and red. Deep partial-thickness burns may or may not be painful and they may blister. Full-thickness burns All layers of your skin are damaged by full-thickness burns. Your skin will look white, brown or black and dry, leathery or waxy. Because the nerves in your skin are destroyed with full-thickness burns, you won’t feel any pain or have blisters. Symptoms vary depending on the severity of your burn. They include: changes in your skin colour – burns can cause your skin to look pink, red, white, brown or black blisters pain in the burnt area Symptoms of a burn to your airway include: burned nostril hairs a change in your voice (it may sound hoarse) a sore throat wheezing Treatment for burns depends on their severity. You can treat superficial and minor partial-thickness burns that are caused by heat yourself at home. However, seek urgent medical help from your GP or an accident and emergency department in a hospital for: all deep partial-thickness and full-thickness burns all chemical and electrical burns superficial and partial-thickness burns that cover an area larger than the  palm of your hand burns that cover a joint or are on your face, hands, feet or groin all burns that extend completely around a limb all burns where you may have inhaled smoke Also seek medical help for advice if you’re not sure about the extent of a burn or how to deal with it. For burns caused by chemicals, if possible look at the advice on the label of the chemical product. For full-thickness burns or burns that are caused by chemicals or electricity, it’s important that you start cooling the burn immediately under cool or tepid water (unless instructed otherwise on the chemical product) and then call for emergency help. While you’re waiting, there are a number of important things you can do. For burns caused by heat, keep cooling the burn with cool or tepid water for between 10 and 30 minutes or until medical help is available. Don’t use iced water. Carefully remove any restrictive clothing or jewellery that isn’t stuck to the burn. Next, cover the burn using cling film – layer this on to the burn rather than wrapping it around a limb, for example. If you have a burn on your hand, use a clean, clear plastic bag . Don’t use wet dressings or creams. For burns caused by chemicals, keep cooling the burn with cool or tepid water for at least 20 minutes and remove any affected clothing (wear gloves if possible). Don’t try to neutralise the chemical with another chemical. Facial Burns. Facial burns will need to be treated differently depending on the degree of the burn. First-degree burns only penetrate into the epidermis and cause redness and swelling. Second-degree burns penetrate the hypodermis and cause redness, blotching, and blistering. Third degree burns penetrate all layers of skin and cause areas of blackening. A third-degree burn needs to be treated with emergency medical care. Treatment for a minor facial burn would include holding a cold compress to the burn for 10 to 15 minutes. After cooling, lotion should be applied. Cover with a sterile gauze bandage. Don’t pop blisters and if they pop on their own, wash them gently with soap and water, and apply an antibiotic ointment under the sterile gauze. If the patient has been accidentally exposed to fire or heated gases, damage may occur to the mouth and airway. There may be signs of burning around the lips, nose, mouth, eyebrows or lashes. A dry cough or hoarse voice is an early sign of airway injury and prompt medical care is essential. How you can help 1. Remove the patient to a safe area If in a closed area, and if safe for the first aider, it is vital to remove the patient to a place free of the risk of further injury and preferably into fresh air. 2. Cool the injury If smoke or toxic gases may have been inhaled – including carbon monoxide from a vehicle exhaust, chlorine, ammonia or hydrochloric acid – remove the patient from any enclosed or restricted area into an open area; pour running water over the burn for 20 minutes. If there is any breathing difficulties allow the patient to find the position enabling easy breathing with the head and chest raised. After an inhalation incident the patient may suffer from a severe lack of oxygen due to internal damage to the throat, upper airway and lungs. Call 999 for an ambulance. Poisoning. Poisoning is when a person is exposed to a substance that can damage their health or put their life in danger. There are many ways in which poison can enter the body: Through the mouth. Breathing them through the nose. Through your eyes. Through skin contact. From an insect or animal bite or sting. The symptoms of poisoning will depend on the type of poison and the amount taken in, the age and weight and size of the individual, but general things to look out for include: vomiting stomach pains high temperature drowsiness and fainting fits Dizziness, weakness. Fever or chills. Headache/confusion. If a child suddenly develops such symptoms, they may have been poisoned, especially if they are drowsy and confused. Being poisoned can be life-threatening. Giving appropriate first aid, as described below, can help minimise the harm to the person who is poisoned. For simplicity, we have referred to the person (casualty) in the male gender throughout. First, assess the situation and the risk you’re in – don’t put yourself in danger. If you think someone has swallowed, injected or inhaled a poison, or taken a drug overdose and appears to be unconscious, try to rouse him. If the person responds, you shouldn’t move him. Instead, try to find out what’s wrong, make sure his airway is open and that he can breathe comfortably and you can monitor his condition. Call for emergency help or preferably get someone to call for you. If he is unresponsive, you should first shout for help and then open the airway by tilting his head back and lifting his chin. If it ’s possible to leave him in the same position to open his airway then do so. However, if it isn’t, turn him onto his back and then open his airway. Ask someone to phone for an ambulance, and if necessary the fire brigade. If you’re on your own, you should do this yourself. Be ready to give as much of the following information as you can to the paramedics and/or the doctor or nurse at the hospital. The name of what was swallowed injected or inhaled if you know it. If possible, keep the container and make a note of how much has been taken. The estimated time that the poison was taken or used. Whether or not the person has vomited. Whether you think it was accidental or deliberate. Whether the person has any chronic illnesses (e.g., heart disease) or takes any medicines (if you know). If the person is unconscious and breathing normally, you should put him into the recovery position. Check his breathing regularly until help arrives. If the person is unconscious and isn’t breathing normally, you should perform emergency resuscitation (CPR), but only if you know how. If you think the poison was swallowed, use the mouth-to-nose method, or preferably, use a pocket mask or face shield for rescue breathing. This way, you avoid any contact with traces of poison or vomit that might remain around the person’s mouth or nose. If you think the  person has inhaled poisonous fumes, don’t expose yourself to the person’s breath and use chest compressions only. You should continue at a rate of 100 to 120 compressions per minute. Don’t stop unless the person begins breathing normally, shows signs of regaining consciousness, such as coughing or their opening eyes, or qualified help arrives. If the person has pills, fluids or any substance in his mouth, try to get him to spit them out. You can give them to the hospital staff to help identify the cause of poisoning. Don’t try to make the person sick as vomiting can cause even more damage. If the person has been sick, collect a sample of the vomit to take to hospital. This may help staff identify the poison. Everyone should learn basic first aid techniques. You never know when you might need them – you could be at home, at work, at school or on holiday. Whether it’s a minor situation or something more serious, first aid knowledge will give you the confidence to act. You could be the difference between life and death. Deal with every day cuts and scrapes and nosebleeds. First aid advice is also available for asthma, fractures, sunburn, poisons, low blood sugar and more. Heart and circulatory disease is the UK’s biggest killer. Learn how to recognise and treat heart attacks and shock. You can purchase a number of first aid books/manuals which will help and give you knowledge on how to deal with first aid emergencies, some of these manuals are: The most common first aid manuals which people will recognise are those from the British Red Cross, or St Johns Ambulance as these are well known UK organisations. The National Poisons Information Service is the service to which frontline NHS staff turn for advice on the diagnosis, treatment and care of patients who have been – or may have been – poisoned, either by accident or intentionally. NPIS provides essential support for NHS healthcare professionals, assisting them in ensuring optimal care for patients in cases of serious poisoning, and, where toxicity is low, offering advice to minimise unnecessary hospital attendances and admissions. NPIS is funded mainly through ‘Government Grant in Aid’ from the UK Health Departments, some contract income and some research income. In an emergency, members of the public should always contact their general practitioners, NHS 24 or NHS Direct or local A&E department. If the patient has collapsed or is not breathing properly, call 999. The NPIS does not provide poisons information directly to members of the public – so, for routine poisons advice you should contact your general practitioner or telephone NHS Direct The National Poisons Information Service does not accept enquiries from the public but supports NHS Direct and NHS 24 to answer such queries. If you suspect Carbon Monoxide poisoning or a gas leak you must leave the affected area immediately and report it as a matter of urgency to the National Grid on 0800 111 999. Pharmacies. Pharmacy is the science and technique of preparing and dispensing drugs and medicines. It is a health profession that links the health sciences with the chemical sciences and aims to ensure the safe and effective use of pharmaceutical drugs. The scope of pharmacy practice includes more traditional roles such as compounding and dispensing medications, and it also includes more modern services related to health care, including clinical services, reviewing medications for safety and efficacy, and providing drug information. Pharmacists, therefore, are the experts on drug therapy and are the primary health professionals who optimize use of medication for the benefit of the patients. Bites and Stings. Insect bites and stings are quite different attacks on our skin. Stings result when an insect is protecting itself when it feels threatened. Other than the initial pain of the attack, the sting can cause varying degrees of allergic reaction. A bite is a deliberate attack by the insect in order to feed from our blood. After the initial bite, the insect injects its saliva  into the wound to allow the blood to flow and for the insect to feed. A reaction to the insect’s saliva causes the bite to become red and swollen and to make it itch. There are many insects that live in the UK that bite or sting to feed or protect themselves. Stingers include wasps, bees, hornets and ants. Biters include mosquitoes, midges, sand flies, horse flies and ticks. It is very rare to catch diseases from insect bites and stings in the UK but it is possible. For example if bitten by a tick when walking in fields where deer have been, the person may catch Lyme disease, a serious infection caused by ba cteria (Borrelia burgdorferi) spread by ticks. Abroad, in places such as Africa, Asia and South America there are a number of diseases that can be caught through insect bites such as malaria, yellow fever, Dengue fever, and West Nile disease. When stung by an insect a baby or infant feels immediate pain, causing her or him to cry. You will recognise this cry as being different from crying associated with hunger or tiredness and should check the child to find the cause. Look at exposed areas of skin, if the baby or infant has been stung, the area around the sting will swell and redden, later it may blister and produce an itchy rash. If the baby or infant has been bitten it may take several minutes for the bite to become itchy and swell into a lump or redden. In the case of midges when they attack in swarms there may be several areas where they have successfully attacked. These areas become hot and itchy and can remain so for several days. Some children are particularly sensitive to insect bites and stings and will suffer a severe allergic reaction resulting in dizziness, fainting, breathing difficulties, rash, raised pulse, sickness, or a swollen mouth and face. In very severe cases the victim may even collapse and die. This severe reaction is called anaphylactic shock. There are precautions you can take to avoid a baby or infant being stung or bitten by insects. Stings in the mouth or on the face and hands commonly occur in babies and infants when wasps, attracted by the sweet smell of drinks, ice cream, lollipops and sweets, are accidentally touched when eating or drinking. Keep an eye on children when eating or drinking outdoors, if you see a wasp on or near a child, don’t aggravate the insect by flapping around, react calmly and simply brush it away. If you are being bitten by insects when outdoors, it  is likely that the children are being bitten too. Be aware of this and try to cover as much of the child’s skin as possible with long trousers and tops with long sleeves. If in a pram or buggy, use an insect net to protect children particularly if she or he is asleep. Avoid areas such as ponds where mosquitoes, midges and horse flies commonly occur. When travelling abroad, cover the cot with a mosquito net, close all doors and windows at night and spray rooms with an insecticide or use electric vapour producing mosquito killers. Insect repellents containing low concentrations of DEET or icaridin can be used on infants over 2 years of age. They should not be used on babies in case the ingredients come in contact with their eyes or lips. Even when applied correctly, it is possible that a baby will rub its eyes or suck its fingers, allowing the repellents to be absorbed. If an infant has been playing or walking in fields where deer may have been, inspect the child’s legs and arms closely for ticks; small brown spider-like insects attached to the skin. If present, get hold of the tick with a pair if tweezers and gently lift away from the skin without twisting. As soon as you notice a child may have been stung by a bee, remove the sting and the venomous sac if it has been left in the skin. Do this by scraping it out, either with your fingernails or using something with a hard edge, such as a bank card. When removing the sting, be careful not to spread the venom further under their skin and do not puncture the venomous sac. Do not pinch the sting out with your fingers or a pair of tweezers because you may spread the venom. If a child has been stung, an adult should remove the sting. Wasps and hornets do not usually leave the sting behind, so could sting you again. If you have been stung and the wasp or hornet is still in the area, walk away calmly to avoid being stung again. Most insect bites and stings cause itching and swelling that usually clears up within several hours. Minor bites and stings can be treated by: washing the affected area with soap and water placing a cold compress (a flannel or cloth cooled with cold water) over the affected area to reduce swelling not scratching the area because it can become infected (keep children’s fingernails short and clean) See your GP if the redness and itching gets worse or does not clear up after a few days. If they have swelling or itching anywhere else on their body after being bitten or stung, or if they are wheezing or have difficulty swallowing, they will need emergency medical treatment. Call 999 immediately and ask for an ambulance. Throughout the treatment of this it’s vital to reassure and help keep the child calm. Remember in the event of injury or sudden illness, failure to provide first aid could result in a casualty’s death.